Have a Portuguese Grandparent? You May Qualify for Citizenship
Joana Loureiro Veríssimo | Lawyer
Portuguese nationality law offers several pathways for individuals with ties to Portugal to acquire citizenship, and one of the most relevant and accessible is through descent, particularly for grandchildren of Portuguese nationals. This route has gained considerable interest among individuals whose families emigrated from Portugal in past generations. For many, obtaining Portuguese nationality represents not only a reconnection with their heritage but also access to the rights and benefits associated with European Union citizenship.
Under the current Portuguese Nationality Law (Law no. 37/81, as amended), grandchildren of Portuguese citizens may apply for nationality, provided they meet certain legal requirements. The legal basis for this route is Article 1(1)(d), which allows individuals born abroad with at least one Portuguese grandparent to acquire Portuguese nationality, provided they can prove the family link and demonstrate an effective connection to the Portuguese community. In the context of grandchildren, this effective connection is primarily assessed through knowledge of the Portuguese language.
To be eligible, the applicant must establish that at least one grandparent held Portuguese nationality and had not lost it. This is typically demonstrated through civil registration documents, such as the applicant’s full birth certificate, the birth certificate of the parent (if the child is a Portuguese grandchild), and the birth certificate of the Portuguese grandparent. These documents must establish the lineage linking the applicant to the Portuguese grandparent.
However, proving ancestry alone is not sufficient. One of the central requirements is the demonstration of an effective connection to the Portuguese community. In the case of grandchildren, the law presumes this connection when the applicant has sufficient knowledge of the Portuguese language, currently set at A2 level or higher under the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR).
This language requirement is set out in Decree-Law No. 237-A of 14 December 2006, Article 25, paragraph 2, and may be fulfilled by one of the following means:
- A school certificate from a recognised institution in Portugal confirming successful completion of Portuguese as a subject for at least two academic years.
- Certificate of successful completion of a Portuguese language exam taken at a public school in Portugal or abroad at a Camões-accredited institution, with regulation and oversight established by joint ministerial order.
- A CIPLE certificate (Certificado Inicial de Português Língua Estrangeira), issued by CAPLE, the Centre for Evaluation of Portuguese as a Foreign Language at the University of Lisbon.
- Certificate of A2 level or higher under the CEFR, issued by a public school, IEFP centre, or accredited protocol centre, per Order No. 1262/2009 of 15 October, as amended.
- A certificate of completion of an A2-level Portuguese language course, with a minimum of 150 hours, offered by a certified institution in Portugal, Order No. 1262/2009 of 15 October, as amended.
- Certificate confirming at least 100 hours of Portuguese language training within the educational component of a dual certification under the National Qualifications Catalogue, under Article 9 of Decree-Law No. 396/2007, as amended.
Applications may be submitted in person at the Central Registry Office in Lisbon, by post, through the Portuguese consulate with jurisdiction over the applicant’s residence, or online by a Portuguese lawyer via the Ministry of Justice’s secure digital platform. This last option is useful for applicants residing abroad, as it allows for efficient and monitored communication with the authorities.
Once the application is submitted and formally registered, the Instituto dos Registos e do Notariado (IRN) will review the documentation to confirm whether all legal conditions are met. If approved, the process concludes with the registration of the applicant’s birth in the Portuguese civil registry. This act formally grants Portuguese nationality. A Portuguese birth certificate is then issued, which serves as proof of citizenship and enables the applicant to request a Portuguese identity card (Cartão de Cidadão) and passport.
While the process is generally straightforward for those who meet all the requirements and can gather the necessary documentation, some applicants may face challenges such as missing civil records, complex family histories, or difficulties obtaining properly legalised or apostilled documents from foreign jurisdictions.
Given the legal and procedural complexity, it is strongly advisable to seek the assistance of a qualified lawyer experienced in nationality law and well-versed in the Portuguese civil registration system. Professional legal support can help ensure that the documentation is complete and correctly prepared, that the procedural requirements are fulfilled, and that the application is submitted in full compliance with the law.
In conclusion, applying for Portuguese citizenship through a grandparent remains one of the most accessible legal routes to acquiring nationality and the rights it brings, including freedom of movement within the European Union. For those who meet the requirements, this process offers a meaningful way to reconnect with their heritage while securing the benefits of Portuguese citizenship.
